| AB |
These are the two major categories the immunity.
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Specific and Nonspecific |
| What is the distinction between details and nonspecific immunity? | Specific fights a details thing and nonspecific fights anything no itself |
| Cells used for nonspecific immunity space ____. | Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. |
| These are the two cells for certain immunity. | B cells and T Cells |
| What are species of nonspecific immunity? | species resistance, mechanical and also chimcal barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, herbal killer cells, interferon, and also complement |
| What is the an initial line of defense? | Skin and also mucus |
| What is the 2nd line that defense? | Inflammation |
| What space the 4 indications of inflammation. | Swelling, heat, redness, and also pain |
| What is the many common type of phagocyte? | neutraphil |
| Anotehr surname for neutraphil is ____. | pus |
| These form of cells break apart cell by damaging their plasma membranes. | Natural Killer Cells |
| They interfere through the viruses capability to cause the disease. | Interferon |
| They caus eht rupture the the international cell. | Complement |
| What is the 3rd line of defense? | Specific Immunity |
| These cells are dubbed cell-mediated immunity. | T cells |
| This is the main white blood cell. | Lymphocyte |
| What space the two varieties of antigens? | Self and Non-self |
| Most antigens are what type? | Nonself |
| These fight diseases. | Antibodies |
| The end of the antibody wher the epitope is, is dubbed the what? | antigen binding site |
| A family members of cell which have all lower from one cell. | clone |
| What space pre-B cells? | inactive B cells |
| What activates a B cell? | a details antigen |
| What identify what an illness the antigen causes? | its epitope or shape |
| What room the two species of B cells that are developed when a B cabinet is activated? | plasma and memory |
| What type of B cells produces antibodies? | plama cell |
| Antibodies are also called what? | immunoglobulins |
| What are antibodies do from? | proteins and amino acids |
| What form is an antibody? | y shaped |
| What are the ends of an antibody called? | variable regions |
| Is it possible for B cell to develop antibodies versus themselves? | yes |
| The quantity of antibodies created in response to a vaccination is called what? | antibody titer |
| A second injection tht raises the antibody titer come a level that is an ext likely to avoid infection is dubbed a ______. | booster shot |
| When one antibody and an antigen combine, it exposes what? | the complement binding site |
| What go the enhance protein do? | It drills feet in the antigen and also causes the cell to swell and burst. |
| T cells walk to this prior to going come the lymph node. | thymus |
| After a T-cell leaves the lymph node, wherein does it go? | to the spleen |
| With a T cell, the antigen should be presented by a ______ before the T cell will fight it. | macrophage |
| Chemical messengers are dubbed _______. | lymphokines |
| What are the three types of T-cells? | Killer T, helper T, and also suppressor T cells |
| These assist B cell to identify into plasma cells. | Helper T cells |
| These stop B cell differentiation into plasma cells. | Suppressor T cells, which space now dubbed regulatory T cells. |
| What is the theory regarding why cancer develops? | Everyone has it, but due to the fact that cancer cells produce self and non-self antigens, it deserve to fool the lymphocytes into not fighting the cancer. |
| What is the immune system's solution to a threat? | immune response |
| The research of immunity | immunology |
| Proteins that safeguard the body from pathogens are referred to as ______. | antibodies |
| This transports escaped fluids back into the blood. | lymphatic vessels |
| The fluid that stays in the organization spaces once blood is exchanged in the capillaries is called. | interstitial fluid |
| The buildup of fluid in the human body is called | edema |
| What room the attributes of lymphatic vessels? | They form a one way system towards the heart, there is no pump |
| This drains lymph native the appropriate arm and also right next of the head and thorax | right lymphatic duct |
| This obtain lymph native the rest of the body | thoracic duct |
| These filter lymph prior to it is returned to the blood. | lymph nodes |
| These are large cells the engulf and also destroy international substances prior to it enters the blood. | macrophages |
| This is a form of white blood cell that is situated in the lymph node. | lymphyocyte |
| What is one antigen? | a foreign substance in the body |
| What form are lymph nodes? | kidney-shaped |
| Is the circulation of lymph v a lymph node sluggish or fast? | It is very slow to permit lymphocytes and also macrophages time to perform their functions. |
| This body organ is located on the left side of the abdomen and filters blood, no lymph. | spleen |
| What is the many important duty of the spleen? | To ruin worn out blood cells. |
| What body organ of the lymphatic system develops blood cells in the fetus and serves together a hematopoietic site? | spleen |
| What two organs act together blood reservoirs during a hemorrhage? | spleen and also liver |
| This lymphatic body organ is situated in the mediastium. | Thymus gland |
| When go the thymus duty at top levels? | only throughout childhood. The size of the thymus is largest throughout puberty. |
| In progressed age, the thymus is largely replaced with ____. | fat |
| The thymus to produce hormones prefer thymosin. What does thymosin do? | It programs the lymphocytes to lug out your roles. |
| Small masses of lymphoid tissue roughly the pharynx? | Tonsils |
| What is the purpose of the tonsils? | To trap and remove bacteria and other foreign material |
| These are uncovered in the wall surface of the tiny intestines and also resemble tonsils in structure. | peyer's patches |
| What go MALT stand for? | Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
| What does malt tissue do? | It acts as a sentinel to defend respiratory and also digestive tracts |
| The inherent defense device is likewise called the _______ defense system. | nonspecific |
| The adaptive defense system is additionally called the _______ system. | specific |
| What walk the term types resistance refer to? | It describes the phenomenon in ~ the genetic features common to a certain kind that organism. |
| The very first line that defense in nonspecific immunity is surface ar membrane barriers. What walk this include? | skin, rubber membranes, saliva, sticky mucous, HCl mountain in the stomach, ph and also sebum that skin. |
| The second line of defense is nonspecific immunity. What cells and chemicals are connected with this heat of defense? | phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation response, and also fever |
| What type of phagocytic cabinet is commonly the first to come at the website of one injury? | neutrophil |
| What space the two varieties of anitmicrobial proteins? | complement and interferon |
| What gland controls warmth regulation because that the body? | hypothalamus |
| Humoral immunity, also called antibody-mediated immune is carried out through which type of lymphocyte? | B cells |
| Cellular immunity, also called cell-mediated immunity, is carried out through what form of lymphocytes? | T-cells |
| What room some common antigens? | nucleic acids, some lipids, pollen grains, and also microorganisms |
| What room the two parts of the third line of defense, also called the adaptive defense system? | Nonself antigen defense and also self antigen defense |
| What causes an allergy? | Many molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens, link up with proteins in the body. The immune system may recognize this protein-hapten mix as foreign and start to strike it. |
| What are some typical chemicals the act as haptens? | they are uncovered in poison ivy, animal dander, some detergents, hair dyes and also cosmetics. |
| What walk the hatchet immunocompetent mean? | The cell becomes capable of responding come a certain antigen |
| Where room lymphocytes made? | red bone marrow |
| Where execute B cells come to be immunocompetent? | in bone marrow |
| Where execute T cells end up being immunocompetent? | in the thymus |
| Once a lymphocyte is immunocompetent, it will certainly only be able to react to _____ distinct antigen. | one |
| Lymphocytes become immunocompetent ____ conference the antigen. | before |
| Monocytes to happen in the bone marrow and also develop right into __________ within 8 come 12 hrs of beginning tissues. | macrophages |
| When does activation that a B cabinet occur? | When over there is one encounter in between an inactive B cell and also its certain antigen. |
| ___________ immunity occurs once B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies | active immunity |
| What space 2 ways energetic immunity can be acquired. | being exposed come the an illness in the atmosphere or artificially through a shot |
| ___________ immune occurs once antibodies are derived from who else | passive |
| How can passive immune be naturally acquired. | A mother's antibodies deserve to cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation and after birth during breastfeeding. |
| How can passive immune be gained artificially? | from immune serum or gamma globulin |
| Antibodies are comprised of 2 ___ chains and also 2 ___ chains, both that which are disulfide bonds | light, dark |
| A hefty chain of one antibody contains around _______ amino acids. | 400 |
| Type that antibody discovered mainly in mucus, saliva and tears | IgA |
| Type the antibody important in activation of B cell. | IgD |
| The only kind of antibody that have the right to cross the placenta | IgG |
| Type the antibody that have the right to fix complement | igM |
| type that antibody the is involved in allergies. | IgE |
| The transforming the antigens that room toxic into harmless cells is brought about when antibodies tie to certain sites ~ above bacteria or viruses and also cause cabinet injury. This is well-known as ___________ | naturalization |
| When one antigen-antibody reaction reasons clotting this is called ____________ | agglutination |
| When an antibody exposes a hidden complement binding site and an antigen binds to this which causes a hole to kind and water to sirloin in that is called. | complement |
| For a T cell to work, the antigen must have been presented to the T cell by a ___________. | macrophage |
| What space the four species of grafts? | autografts, isografts, allografts, and also xenografts |
| Tissue transplanted from one website to one more site on the same person | autograft |
| tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person | allograft |
| tissue taken indigenous an similar twin. | isograft |
| tissue taken from a different animal species | xenografts |
| This is essential to protect against rejection that tissue and also can include drugs, radiation, and also controlling inflammation. | immunosuppressive therapy |
| Allergies are also called ______ | hypersensitivity |
| Allergies are prompted by a release of _________ native IgE binding come mast cells. | histamines |
| What are the impacts of histamines? | cause little blood ship to end up being dilated and leaky. It deserve to lead come a runny nose, watery eyes, itching, hives, constriction that airways, and irregular love rhythms |
| What is anaphylatic shock? | Occurs when an allergen directly enters the blood and rapidly circulates v the body |
| When symptoms happen 1-3 work after contact with an antigen it is referred to as _______ | delayed hypersensitivity |
| How is delayed hypersensitivity treated? | with corticosteroid drugs |
| What room common varieties of delay hypersensitivity? | contact dermatitis (poison ivy), some cosmetic and deoderant chemicals as well as nickel. |
| What room some examples of autoimmune diseases? | multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, rheumotoid arthritis, systemic lupus, reynaud's disease, |
Except because that the _________ and _________, the lymphoid organs room poorly occurred before birth.
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| thymus, spleen |
| What causes autoimmune diseases? | inefficient lymphocyte programming, figure of self-proteins in circulation that have actually not to be exposed come the immune system, cross-reaction of antibodies produced versus foreign antigens v self-antigens. |
